english
Causes and effects of climate change
What is climate change? We hatve probably heard the terms, climate change and global warming which are used very often and interchangeably. That’s because both describe changes in earth’s climate. Global warming focuses on the rising average temperature of the planet, while climate change usually occurs during precipitation, wind patterns, and over temperatures changing period. Changes in climate could last few years, decades, or even millions of years. First of all, global climate change is caused by human activities, and it is a growing threat to society. There are few ways how people accelerate climate change such as burning of fossil fuels for electricity, heat and transportation. These activities create greenhouse gases. Greenhouse gases in the atmosphere affect the sun’s energy, contributing to global warming. Secondly, From melting glaciers to more extreme weather patterns people notice the real effects of climate change. Changes of weather are perhaps the most noticeable effect of climate change. So we have some solutions for climate change. If we keep our world cleaner there may be new jobs created and billions of dollars of economic benefits. If we follow certain rules we may never see the worst consequences. For example recycle and reduce waste, walk, bike, and take public transportation instead of buying cars and polluting air, power your home renewable energy, etc. Overall the causes and effects of climate change are because of people. So we must try to do our best so as not to face this problem.
Make decisions alone. To begin with, “Trust your instincts, and make judgements on what your heart tells you. The heart will not betray you.”I strongly agree with this quote based on some factors. Firstly, I think that it’s very good, if you can make decisions alone as If you are deciding something alone and it goes wrong you won’t blame others. Also people must learn from their own mistakes, it gives a big experience for life. Don't entrust your future on others' hands. Rather make decisions by yourself. However,sometimes people need advice to decide, to do something or not but even if they take advice from someone they must think carefully and then decide to follow the advice or not.Taking decisions alone is too risky, it will affect the family life and sometimes may ruin someone's life, that’s why if it has a relation to not only about you, you should ask follow other’s advice as well.
To sum up we should think carefully about any decision before making it. We should discuss the good and bad sides of the issue and then do what we find is right.
Nowadays food has become easier to prepare.Has this change improved the way people live. I think that food has become easier to prepare as we have new technologies and the way of cooking become easier and more tasty. People want to enjoy a diverse type of food. They want to prepare them at home or at expensive restaurants. People want to try new kitchens both at home or at restaurants and they want to be served promptly. This is where the modern equipment takes part in. Food preparation nowadays is faster and it allows us to enjoy our food. At first modern tools like microwave,slicer,mixer and so on make the cooking process quick and convenient. So this saves a great deal of time unlike the past when someone had to be busy all day to prepare meals or breakfasts for the family Secondly, I think that it’s very harmful eating fast foods as they are made with new technologies. So new technology have pros and cons. One of the cons is that we can become fatter and we can become ill and pros is that it’s more tasty and easy to prepare.
To sum up I believe that prepared food has a positive impact on people’s life. I think so as they can benefit from that time for other activities or job and because it would enable them to have different kinds of food even if they are hard to prepare.
People attend college or university for many different reasons (for example, new experiences, career preparation, increased knowledge). Why do you think people attend college or university? Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.
Firstly college gives us knowledge, which is very important for our future. For example if your knowledge won’t develop, you can’t be good in your career.
Secondly new experience have an importance in our life, as we can’t develop without new experience. College can help us to make new friends, and to adept with new different personalities.
Thirdly career preparation depends on knowledge of college. For example you can’t have career without knowledge and experience. In college you can understand what career you really like and prefer. College have huge influence in your future work.
To sum up there are many reasons for attending college or university. However it is our choice where we want to learn.
Questions Forms
Reported Speech Revision, Time and Place Words
“He works in a bank”
She said he worked in a bank
2. “We went out last night”
She told me that they had gone out the previous night
3. “I’m coming!”
She said was coming
4. “I was waiting for the bus when he arrived”
She told me that she was waiting for the bus when he had arrived
5. “ I’d never been there before”
She said she had never been those before
6. “I didn’t go to the party”
She told me that she hadnt gone to thr party
7. “Lucy’ll come later”
She said Lucy would come later
8. “He hasn’t eaten breakfast”
She told me that he hadnt eaten breakfast
9. “I can help you tomorrow”
She said she could help me the next day
10. “You should go to bed early”
She told me that i should go to bed early
11. “I don’t like chocolate”
She told me that she didnt like chocolate
12. “I won’t see you tomorrow”
She said she wouldnt see me the next day
13. “She’s living in Paris for a few months”
She said she was living in Paris a few months
14. “I visited my parents at the weekend”
She told me that she had visited her parents at the weekend
15. “She hasn’t eaten sushi before”
She said she hadnt eaten sushi before
16. “I hadn’t traveled by underground before I came to London”
She said she hadnt traveled by underground before she came to London
17. “They would help if they could”
She said they would help if they could
18. “I’ll do the washing-up later”
She told me that she would do the washing-up later
“He could read when he was three”
She said he could read when he had been three
20. “I was sleeping when Julie called”
She said she was sleeping when Julie had called
Reported Speech Questions
1. “Where is he?”
She asked me where he was
2. “What are you doing?”
She asked me what i was doing
3. “Why did you go out last night?”
She asked me why i hadnt gone out the previous night
4.
“Who was that beautiful woman?”
She asked me who had been the beautiful woman
5. “How is your mother?”
She asked me how was your mother
6. “What are you going to do at the weekend?”
She asked me what i was going to do at the weekend
7. “Where will you live after graduation?”
She asked me where i would live after graduation
8. “What were you doing when I saw you?”
She asked me what i was doing when he had seen me
9. “How was the journey?”
She asked me how the journey had been
10. “How often do you go to the cinema?”
She asked me how often i went to the cinema
11. “Do you live in London?”
She asked me if i left in London
12. “Did he arrive on time?”
She asked me if he had arrived on time
13. “Have you been to Paris?”
She asked me if i had been to Paris
14. “Can you help me?”
She asked me if i could help her
15. “Are you working tonight?”
She asked me if i was working that night
16. “Will you come later?”
She asked me if i would come later
17. “Do you like coffee?”
She asked me if i liked coffee
18. “Is this the road to the station?”
She asked me if was that the road to the station
19. “Did you do your homework?”
She asked me if i had done my homework
20. “Have you studied reported speech before?”
She asked me if i had studied reported speech before
Infinitive and Gerund
A: Put in the infinitive or the -ing form of the verb in brackets.
1. I was overjoyed to see (see) you at the party.
2. The nuclear station is not likely to blow up (blow up) although it may shut down.
3. Janice was sad to see (see) such poverty when she visited India.
4. It’s possible to work (work) all day without being disturbed.
5. You are free to leave (leave) any time you want to.
6. You should be able to practice singing (sing) every day.
7. Scientists are hoping to discover (discover) a new chemical element.
8. I don’t mind people ask (ask) me questions.
9. He works too slowly to be (be) any use to me.
10. He can ‘t stand waiting (wait) for other people.
11. I guess there is no point sitting (sit) around here any longer.
12. The lemonade was cool enough for us to drink (drink).
13. Please stop interrupting (interrupt) me when I am trying to explain something.
14. I’ve forgotten to buy (buy) flowers for my girlfriend’s birthday.
15. I simply can’t afford to waste (waste) time trying to explain this to you.
16. The thief admitted entering (enter) the house but says he didn’t take anything.
17. I don’t really fancy spending (spend) my holidays in Spain.
18. I apologized to her but she refused to accept (accept) it.
19. He offered to help me repair (repair) my motorcycle.
20. Why does John keep writing (write) to you?
B: Complete the report by putting the verbs in the correct form, using ing or to.
Swimmer abandons Channel swim
James Forsyth has decided (1) to abandon (abandon) his second attempt at (2) swimming (swim) the English Channel after (3) breaking (break) his ankle in a cycling accident. His decision (4) to postpone (postpone) this attempt came after a two week holiday (5) mountain biking (mountain bike) in Majorca with his wife. His first attempt was also unsuccessful and he is unlikely (6) to be (be) back training for quite a few months. He said in a recent interview that he had not yet decided whether (7) to try (try) one more time, but denies (8) losing (lose) total interest in the project. ‘I am (9) raising (raise) money for a local charity’ he explained. He continued by (10) saying (say) that if he could manage (11) to find (find) the time, he would do a lot more charity work.
C: Put in the infinitive or ing form of the verbs in brackets.
1. It’s no use to cry (cry) over spilled milk.
2. This examination is not worth to worry (worry) about.
3. After registering (register) for the course, please come and see me.
4. I am pleased to announce (announce) the new President of our company.
5. I would like to remind you to bring (bring) some information about our new product.
6. I would rather die (die) than live in that place.
7. He didn’t set out to be (be) malicious.
8. It never occurred to her to bring (bring) something with her.
9. I don’t have anything to do (do) but study for my exams.
10. As soon as he had finished changing (change) the baby’s nappy, we went to visit my mother.
D: Complete the sentences with these verbs.
stay talk win read smoke watch change lose go close
1. Julie suggested going to the movies but I was really tired and decided against it.
2. Would you mind closing the window, please?
3. I like Susan very much but she does tend to talk an awful lot.
4. Can someone show me how to change the film in this camera?
5. You seem to lose a lot of weight.
6. Everyone wanted him to win the tournament.
7. They don’t allow you to smoke in this building.
8. She wouldn’t let me to read the letter she had written to her aunt.
9. I would advise you to stay the night because the roads are treacherous.
10. Child psychologists do not encourage to watch TV after 9 o’clock at night.
E: Correct the following sentences.
1. Tom suggested me to buy a new laptop computer.
2. Why do you dislike to watch TV with me. watching
3. Trying some of this wine. Maybe you will like it. try
4. I am looking forward to see you soon. seeing
5. He apologized me for the delay. to
6. Did you have any trouble to get a green card for the States. getting
7. It is a waste of time to go to the Psychology lecture. going
8. I can’t afford going on holiday. to go
9. Foreigners are not used to drive on the left. driving
10. I’m going to Spain learning Spanish. to learn
F: Complete the sentences with either the infinitive or -ing form.
1. It is difficult to find (find) a place to park in this town.
2. Peter prefers driving (drive) rather than traveling by train.
3. It’s time to clean (clean) this kitchen.
4. She was sitting in her armchair watching (watch) television.
5. I can’t help falling (fall) in love with you.
6. I’ve given up trying (try) to communicate with John.
7. There is no point to spend (spend) too long on the individual questions.
8. She used to say (say) she would return to her job when the children grew up.
9. If you put off explaining (explain) it to her, then it will only become worse.
10. Many dream of winning (win) the lottery so that they never have to work again.
Causes and effects of climate change
What is climate change?
We hatve probably heard the terms, climate change and global warming which are used very often and interchangeably. That’s because both describe changes in earth’s climate. Global warming focuses on the rising average temperature of the planet, while climate change usually occurs during precipitation, wind patterns, and over temperatures changing period. Changes in climate could last few years, decades, or even millions of years.
First of all, global climate change is caused by human activities, and it is a growing threat to society. There are few ways how people accelerate climate change such as burning of fossil fuels for electricity, heat and transportation. These activities create greenhouse gases. Greenhouse gases in the atmosphere affect the sun’s energy, contributing to global warming.
Secondly, From melting glaciers to more extreme weather patterns people notice the real effects of climate change. Changes of weather are perhaps the most noticeable effect of climate change. So we have some solutions for climate change. If we keep our world cleaner there may be new jobs created and billions of dollars of economic benefits. If we follow certain rules we may never see the worst consequences. For example recycle and reduce waste, walk, bike, and take public transportation instead of buying cars and polluting air, power your home renewable energy, etc.
Overall the causes and effects of climate change are because of people. So we must try to do our best so as not to face this problem.
Make decisions alone.
To begin with, “Trust your instincts, and make judgements on what your heart tells you. The heart will not betray you.”I strongly agree with this quote based on some factors.
Firstly, I think that it’s very good, if you can make decisions alone as If you are deciding something alone and it goes wrong you won’t blame others. Also people must learn from their own mistakes, it gives a big experience for life. Don't entrust your future on others' hands. Rather make decisions by yourself.
However,sometimes people need advice to decide, to do something or not but even if they take advice from someone they must think carefully and then decide to follow the advice or not.Taking decisions alone is too risky, it will affect the family life and sometimes may ruin someone's life, that’s why if it has a relation to not only about you, you should ask follow other’s advice as well.
To sum up we should think carefully about any decision before making it. We should discuss the good and bad sides of the issue and then do what we find is right.
Nowadays food has become easier to prepare.Has this change improved the way people live.
I think that food has become easier to prepare as we have new technologies and the way of cooking become easier and more tasty. People want to enjoy a diverse type of food. They want to prepare them at home or at expensive restaurants. People want to try new kitchens both at home or at restaurants and they want to be served promptly. This is where the modern equipment takes part in. Food preparation nowadays is faster and it allows us to enjoy our food.
At first modern tools like microwave,slicer,mixer and so on make the cooking process quick and convenient. So this saves a great deal of time unlike the past when someone had to be busy all day to prepare meals or breakfasts for the family
Secondly, I think that it’s very harmful eating fast foods as they are made with new technologies. So new technology have pros and cons. One of the cons is that we can become fatter and we can become ill and pros is that it’s more tasty and easy to prepare.
To sum up I believe that prepared food has a positive impact on people’s life. I think so as they can benefit from that time for other activities or job and because it would enable them to have different kinds of food even if they are hard to prepare.
People attend college or university for many different reasons (for example, new experiences, career preparation, increased knowledge). Why do you think people attend college or university? Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.
Firstly college gives us knowledge, which is very important for our future. For example if your knowledge won’t develop, you can’t be good in your career.
Secondly new experience have an importance in our life, as we can’t develop without new experience. College can help us to make new friends, and to adept with new different personalities.
Thirdly career preparation depends on knowledge of college. For example you can’t have career without knowledge and experience. In college you can understand what career you really like and prefer. College have huge influence in your future work.
To sum up there are many reasons for attending college or university. However it is our choice where we want to learn.
Questions Forms
Reported Speech Revision, Time and Place Words
“He works in a bank”
She said he worked in a bank
2. “We went out last night”
She told me that they had gone out the previous night
3. “I’m coming!”
She said was coming
Reported Speech Revision, Time and Place Words
“He works in a bank”
She said he worked in a bank
2. “We went out last night”
She told me that they had gone out the previous night
3. “I’m coming!”
She said was coming
4. “I was waiting for the bus when he arrived”
She told me that she was waiting for the bus when he had arrived
5. “ I’d never been there before”
She said she had never been those before
6. “I didn’t go to the party”
She told me that she hadnt gone to thr party
She told me that she was waiting for the bus when he had arrived
5. “ I’d never been there before”
She said she had never been those before
6. “I didn’t go to the party”
She told me that she hadnt gone to thr party
7. “Lucy’ll come later”
She said Lucy would come later
8. “He hasn’t eaten breakfast”
She told me that he hadnt eaten breakfast
9. “I can help you tomorrow”
She said she could help me the next day
10. “You should go to bed early”
She told me that i should go to bed early
11. “I don’t like chocolate”
She told me that she didnt like chocolate
12. “I won’t see you tomorrow”
She said she wouldnt see me the next day
13. “She’s living in Paris for a few months”
She said she was living in Paris a few months
14. “I visited my parents at the weekend”
She told me that she had visited her parents at the weekend
15. “She hasn’t eaten sushi before”
She said she hadnt eaten sushi before
16. “I hadn’t traveled by underground before I came to London”
She said she hadnt traveled by underground before she came to London
17. “They would help if they could”
She said they would help if they could
18. “I’ll do the washing-up later”
She told me that she would do the washing-up later
“He could read when he was three”
She said he could read when he had been three
20. “I was sleeping when Julie called”
She said she was sleeping when Julie had called
She said Lucy would come later
8. “He hasn’t eaten breakfast”
She told me that he hadnt eaten breakfast
9. “I can help you tomorrow”
She said she could help me the next day
10. “You should go to bed early”
She told me that i should go to bed early
11. “I don’t like chocolate”
She told me that she didnt like chocolate
12. “I won’t see you tomorrow”
She said she wouldnt see me the next day
13. “She’s living in Paris for a few months”
She said she was living in Paris a few months
14. “I visited my parents at the weekend”
She told me that she had visited her parents at the weekend
15. “She hasn’t eaten sushi before”
She said she hadnt eaten sushi before
16. “I hadn’t traveled by underground before I came to London”
She said she hadnt traveled by underground before she came to London
17. “They would help if they could”
She said they would help if they could
18. “I’ll do the washing-up later”
She told me that she would do the washing-up later
“He could read when he was three”
She said he could read when he had been three
20. “I was sleeping when Julie called”
She said she was sleeping when Julie had called
Reported Speech Questions
1. “Where is he?”
She asked me where he was
2. “What are you doing?”
She asked me what i was doing
3. “Why did you go out last night?”
She asked me why i hadnt gone out the previous night
4.
“Who was that beautiful woman?”
She asked me who had been the beautiful woman
5. “How is your mother?”
She asked me how was your mother
6. “What are you going to do at the weekend?”
She asked me what i was going to do at the weekend
7. “Where will you live after graduation?”
She asked me where i would live after graduation
8. “What were you doing when I saw you?”
She asked me what i was doing when he had seen me
9. “How was the journey?”
She asked me how the journey had been
10. “How often do you go to the cinema?”
She asked me how often i went to the cinema
11. “Do you live in London?”
She asked me if i left in London
12. “Did he arrive on time?”
She asked me if he had arrived on time
13. “Have you been to Paris?”
She asked me if i had been to Paris
14. “Can you help me?”
She asked me if i could help her
15. “Are you working tonight?”
She asked me if i was working that night
16. “Will you come later?”
She asked me if i would come later
17. “Do you like coffee?”
She asked me if i liked coffee
18. “Is this the road to the station?”
She asked me if was that the road to the station
19. “Did you do your homework?”
She asked me if i had done my homework
20. “Have you studied reported speech before?”
She asked me if i had studied reported speech before
1. “Where is he?”
She asked me where he was
2. “What are you doing?”
She asked me what i was doing
3. “Why did you go out last night?”
She asked me why i hadnt gone out the previous night
4.
“Who was that beautiful woman?”
She asked me who had been the beautiful woman
5. “How is your mother?”
She asked me how was your mother
6. “What are you going to do at the weekend?”
She asked me what i was going to do at the weekend
7. “Where will you live after graduation?”
She asked me where i would live after graduation
8. “What were you doing when I saw you?”
She asked me what i was doing when he had seen me
9. “How was the journey?”
She asked me how the journey had been
10. “How often do you go to the cinema?”
She asked me how often i went to the cinema
11. “Do you live in London?”
She asked me if i left in London
12. “Did he arrive on time?”
She asked me if he had arrived on time
13. “Have you been to Paris?”
She asked me if i had been to Paris
14. “Can you help me?”
She asked me if i could help her
15. “Are you working tonight?”
She asked me if i was working that night
16. “Will you come later?”
She asked me if i would come later
17. “Do you like coffee?”
She asked me if i liked coffee
18. “Is this the road to the station?”
She asked me if was that the road to the station
19. “Did you do your homework?”
She asked me if i had done my homework
20. “Have you studied reported speech before?”
She asked me if i had studied reported speech before
2. This examination is not worth to worry (worry) about.
3. After registering (register) for the course, please come and see me.
4. I am pleased to announce (announce) the new President of our company.
5. I would like to remind you to bring (bring) some information about our new product.
6. I would rather die (die) than live in that place.
7. He didn’t set out to be (be) malicious.
8. It never occurred to her to bring (bring) something with her.
9. I don’t have anything to do (do) but study for my exams.
10. As soon as he had finished changing (change) the baby’s nappy, we went to visit my mother.
2. Would you mind closing the window, please?
3. I like Susan very much but she does tend to talk an awful lot.
4. Can someone show me how to change the film in this camera?
5. You seem to lose a lot of weight.
6. Everyone wanted him to win the tournament.
7. They don’t allow you to smoke in this building.
8. She wouldn’t let me to read the letter she had written to her aunt.
9. I would advise you to stay the night because the roads are treacherous.
10. Child psychologists do not encourage to watch TV after 9 o’clock at night.
2. Why do you dislike to watch TV with me. watching
3. Trying some of this wine. Maybe you will like it. try
4. I am looking forward to see you soon. seeing
5. He apologized me for the delay. to
6. Did you have any trouble to get a green card for the States. getting
7. It is a waste of time to go to the Psychology lecture. going
8. I can’t afford going on holiday. to go
9. Foreigners are not used to drive on the left. driving
10. I’m going to Spain learning Spanish. to learn
2. Peter prefers driving (drive) rather than traveling by train.
3. It’s time to clean (clean) this kitchen.
4. She was sitting in her armchair watching (watch) television.
5. I can’t help falling (fall) in love with you.
6. I’ve given up trying (try) to communicate with John.
7. There is no point to spend (spend) too long on the individual questions.
8. She used to say (say) she would return to her job when the children grew up.
9. If you put off explaining (explain) it to her, then it will only become worse.
10. Many dream of winning (win) the lottery so that they never have to work again.
Moses (Michelangelo)
Michelangelo di Lodovico Buonarroti Simoni was born on 6 March 1475, known best as simply Michelangelo, was an Italian sculptor, painter, architect and poet of the High Renaissance born in the Republic of Florence, who exerted an unparalleled influence on the development of Western art. Considered by many the greatest artist of his lifetime, and by some the greatest artist of all time, his artistic versatility was of such a high order that he is often considered a contender for the title of the archetypal Renaissance man, along with his rival, the fellow Florentine and client of the Medici, Leonardo da Vinci.
Moses is a sculpture by Michelangelo Buonarroti, housed in the church of San Pietro in Vincoli in Rome. Commissioned in 1505 by Pope Julius II for his tomb, it depicts the biblical figure Moses with horns on his head, based on a description in chapter 34 of Exodus in the Vulgate, the Latin translation of the Bible used at that time.Leisure B) Entertainment C) Opportunity D) Occupation 2. A) Calm B) Intelligent C) Brave D) Independent 3. A) Miniature B) Signature C) Adventure D) Gesture 4. A) Tornado B) Flood C) Snowstorm D) Breeze 5. A) Request B) Refusal C) Advice D) Response
6. A) Service B) Catalogue C) Brand D) Purchase 7. A) Lie B) Compliment C) Flattery D) Prize 8. A) Contract B) Quarrel C) Discussion D) Trial 9. A) Conversation B) Exclamation C) Utterance D) Argument 10. A) Ordinary B) Strange C) Human D) Hostile 11. A) Match B) Situation C) Incident D) Performance
Production B) Amount C) Equivalence D) Substance 13. A) Consideration B) Motive C) Motion D) Command 14. A) Flexible B) Reliable C) Predictable D) Authentic 15. A) Dispute B) Peace C) Treaty D) Battle 16. A) Elegant B) Lively C) Vital D) Lovely 17. A) Inner B) Average C) Complicated D) Available
18. A) External B) Internal C) Round D) Square 19. A) Design B) Arrangement C) Composition D) Frame20. A) Branch B) Stem C) Body D) Skin
Hometown I’d just like to ask you some questions about your hometown. 1 Where is your hometown? 2 What was it like growing up there? 3 Has it changed much since you were a child? 4 What do you like most about living there? 5 What kinds of things can visitors to your hometown go and see? 6 Do you think you will live there when you are older? Home I’d like to ask you some questions about your home. 1 Do you live in an apartment or a house? 2 Is it a large apartment/house? 3 Who do you live there with? 4 What is your favourite room in your apartment/house? 5 Is it a quiet or noisy place to live? 6 What can you see from the windows in your apartment/house? 7 If you could change anything about your apartment/house, what would you change? Studies I’d just like to ask you some questions about your studies. 1 What are you studying? 2 Why did you choose that particular course? 3 What is your favourite subject? 4 Are you friends with many other students on your course? 5 What job would you like when you have completed all your studies? 6 Will you have to do further studies in the future?
WALT DISNEY
Walter Elias Disney (December 5, 1901 – December 15, 1966) was an American entrepreneur, animator, voice actor and film producer. A pioneer of the American animation industr, he introduced several developments in the production of cartoons. As a film producer, Disney holds the record for most Academy Awards earned by an individual, having won 22 Oscars from 59 nominations. He was presented with two Golden Globe Special Achievement Awards and an Emmy Award, among other honors. Several of his films are included in the National Film Registry by the Library of Congress.
Born in Chicago in 1901, Disney developed an early interest in drawing. He took art classes as a boy and got a job as a commercial illustrator at the age of 18. He moved to California in the early 1920s and set up the Disney Brothers Studio with his brother Roy. With Ub Iwerks, Walt developed the character Mickey Mouse in 1928, his first highly popular success; he also provided the voice for his creation in the early years. As the studio grew, Disney became more adventurous, introducing synchronized sound, full-color three-strip Technicolor, feature-length cartoons and technical developments in cameras. The results, seen in features such as Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs (1937), Pinocchio, Fantasia (both 1940), Dumbo (1941), and Bambi (1942), furthered the development of animated film. New animated and live-action films followed after World War II, including the critically successful Cinderella (1950) and Mary Poppins (1964), the latter of which received five Academy Awards.
In the 1950s, Disney expanded into the amusement park industry, and in 1955 he opened Disneyland. To fund the project he diversified into television programs, such as Walt Disney’s Disneyland and The Mickey Mouse Club; he was also involved in planning the 1959 Moscow Fair, the 1960 Winter Olympics, and the 1964 New York World’s Fair. In 1965, he began development of another theme park, Disney World, the heart of which was to be a new type of city.
Disney was a shy, self-deprecating and insecure man in private but adopted a warm and outgoing public persona. He had high standards and high expectations of those with whom he worked. His film work continues to be shown and adapted; his namesake studio and company maintains high standards in its production of popular entertainment, and the Disney amusement parks have grown in size and number to attract visitors in several countries.
Alpha Centauri
Alpha Centauri is a triple-star system. It is consists of 3 stars: Alpha Centauri A, Alpha Centauri B and Proxima Centauri. Proxima Centauri is the nearest star to the Earth, except, of course for the Sun. The name “Proxima” comes from a Latin word which means close.
Even though Proxima Centauri is the closest star to the Earth outside of our solar system, it is not really close. Interstellar distances are so large that they are almost impossible to imagine. A person traveling in a modern spacecraft would not arrive at Proxima Centauri within this lifetime, or the next, pr even ten lifetimes because the distance is so great. Light travels at a speed of 186000 miles per second, and it still takes light more than four years to travel from Proxima Centauri to the Earth.
Alpha Centauri can be easily seen in the night sky without a telescope from certain parts of the Earth. It is the third brightest in the sky, out of approximately 6000 visible stars. It cannot be seen from most parts of the United States because most of the United States is too far north; however, it can be seen from the southern parts of the southernmost states.
Boston Tea Party.
The Boston Tea Party was a political protest that occurred on December 16, 1773, at Griffin’s Wharf in Boston, Massachusetts. American colonists, frustrated and angry at Britain for imposing “taxation without representation,” dumped 342 chests of tea, imported by the British East India Company into the harbor. The event was the first major act of defiance to British rule over the colonists. It showed Great Britain that Americans wouldn’t take taxation and tyranny sitting down, and rallied American patriots across the 13 colonies to fight for independence.
Why Did the Boston Tea Party Happen?
In the 1760s, Britain was deep in debt, so British Parliament imposed a series of taxes on American colonists to help pay those debts.
The Stamp Act of 1765 taxed colonists on virtually every piece of printed paper they used, from playing cards and business licenses to newspapers and legal documents. The Townshend Acts of 1767 went a step further, taxing essentials such as paint, paper, glass, lead and tea.
The British government felt the taxes were fair since much of its debt was earned fighting wars on the colonists’ behalf. The colonists, however, disagreed. They were furious at being taxed without having any representation in Parliament, and felt it was wrong for Britain to impose taxes on them to gain revenue.
Boston Massacre Enrages Colonists
On March 5, 1770, a street brawl happened in Boston between American colonists and British soldiers.
Later known as the Boston Massacre, the fight began after an unruly group of colonists—frustrated with the presence of British soldiers in their streets—flung snowballs at a British sentinel guarding the Boston Customs House.
Reinforcements arrived and opened fire on the mob, killing five colonists and wounding six. The Boston Massacre and its fallout further incited the colonists’ rage towards Britain.
Tea Act Imposed
Britain eventually repealed the taxes it had imposed on the colonists except the tea tax. It wasn’t about to give up tax revenue on the nearly 1.2 million pounds of tea the colonists drank each year.
In protest, the colonists boycotted tea sold by British East India Company and smuggled in Dutch tea, leaving British East India Company with millions of pounds of surplus tea and facing bankruptcy.
In May 1773, British Parliament passed the Tea Act which allowed British East India Company to sell tea to the colonies duty-free and much cheaper than other tea companies – but still tax the tea when it reached colonial ports.
Tea smuggling in the colonies increased, although the cost of the smuggled tea soon surpassed that of tea from British East India Company with the added tea tax.
Still, with the help of prominent tea smugglers such as John Hancock and Samuel Adams —who protested taxation without representation but also wanted to protect their tea smuggling operations—colonists continued to rail against the tea tax and Britain’s control over their interests.
Sons of Liberty
The Sons of Liberty were a group of colonial merchants and tradesmen founded to protest the Stamp Act and other forms of taxation. The group of revolutionists included prominent patriots such as Benedict Arnold, Patrick Henry and Paul Revere, as well as Adams and Hancock.
Led by Adams, the Sons of Liberty held meetings rallying against British Parliament and protested the Griffin’s Wharf arrival of Dartmouth, a British East India Company ship carrying tea. By December 16, 1773, Dartmouth had been joined by her sister ships, Beaver and Eleanor; all three ships loaded with tea from China.
That morning, as thousands of colonists convened at the wharf and its surrounding streets, a meeting was held at the Old South Meeting House where a large group of colonists voted to refuse to pay taxes on the tea or allow the tea to be unloaded, stored, sold or used. (Ironically, the ships were built in America and owned by Americans.)
Governor Thomas Hutchison refused to allow the ships to return to Britain and ordered the tea tariff be paid and the tea unloaded. The colonists refused, and Hutchison never offered a satisfactory compromise.
What Happened at the Boston Tea Party?
That night, a large group of men – many reportedly members of the Sons of Liberty – disguised themselves in Native American garb, boarded the docked ships and threw 342 chests of tea into the water.
Said participant James Hawkes, “We then were ordered by our commander to open the hatches and take out all the chests of tea and throw them overboard, and we immediately proceeded to execute his orders, first cutting and splitting the chests with our tomahawks, so as thoroughly to expose them to the effects of the water.”
According to participant George Hews, “We were surrounded by British armed ships, but no attempt was made to resist us.”
Boston Tea Party Aftermath
While some important colonist leaders such as John Adams were thrilled to learn Boston Harbor was covered in tea leaves, others were not.
In June of 1774, George Washington wrote: “the cause of Boston…ever will be considered as the cause of America.” But his personal views of the event were far different. He voiced strong disapproval of “their conduct in destroying the Tea” and claimed Bostonians “were mad.” Washington, like many other elites, held private property to be sacrosanct.
Benjamin Franklin insisted the British East India Company be reimbursed for the lost tea and even offered to pay for it himself.
No one was hurt, and aside from the destruction of the tea and a padlock, no property was damaged or looted during the Boston Tea Party. The participants reportedly swept the ships’ decks clean before they left.
Who Organized the Boston Tea Party?
Though lead by Samuel Adams and his Sons of Liberty and organized by John Hancock, the names of many of those involved in the Boston Tea Party remain unknown. Thanks to their Native American costumes, only one of the tea party culprits, Francis Akeley, was arrested and imprisoned.
Even after American independence, participants refused to reveal their identities, fearing they could still face civil and criminal charges as well as condemnation from elites for the destruction of private property. Most participants in the Boston Tea Party were under the age of forty and sixteen of them were teenagers.
Coercive Acts
But despite the lack of violence, the Boston Tea Party didn’t go unanswered by King George III and British Parliament.
In retribution, they passed the Coercive Acts (later known as the Intolerable Acts) which:
- closed Boston Harbor until the tea lost in the Boston Tea Party was paid for
- ended the Massachusetts Constitution and ended free elections of town officials
- moved judicial authority to Britain and British judges, basically creating martial law in Massachusetts
- required colonists to quarter British troops on demand, using their private homes if needed
- extended freedom of worship to French-Canadian Catholics under British rule, which angered the mostly Protestant colonists
Britain hoped the Coercive Acts would squelch rebellion in New England and keep the remaining colonies from uniting, but the opposite happened: All the colonies viewed the punitive laws as further evidence of Britain’s tyranny and rallied to Massachusetts’ aid, sending supplies and plotting further resistance.
Second Boston Tea Party
A second Boston Tea Party took place in March 1774, when around 60 Bostonians boarded the ship Fortune and dumped nearly 30 chests of tea into the harbor.
The event didn’t earn nearly as much notoriety as the first Boston Tea Party, but it did encourage other tea-dumping demonstrations in Maryland, New York and South Carolina.
The Tea Party movement is an American fiscally conservative political movement within the Republican Party. Members of the movement have called for lower taxes, and for a reduction of the national debt of the United States and federal budget deficit through decreased government spending. The movement supports small-government principles and opposes government-sponsored universal healthcare. The Tea Party movement has been described as a popular constitutional movement composed of a mixture of libertarian, right-wing populist, and conservative activism. It has sponsored multiple protests and supported various political candidates since 2009. According to the American Enterprise Institute, various polls in 2013 estimate that slightly over 10 percent of Americans identified as part of the movement.
The Tea Party movement was launched following a February 19, 2009 call by CNBC reporter Rick Santellion the floor of the Chicago Mercantile Exchange for a "tea party," several conservative activists agreed by conference call to coalesce against Obama's agenda and scheduled series of protests. Supporters of the movement subsequently have had a major impact on the internal politics of the Republican Party. Although the Tea Party is not a party in the classic sense of the word, some research suggests that members of the Tea Party Caucus vote like a significantly farther right third party in Congress.A major force behind it was Americans for Prosperity (AFP), a conservative political advocacy group founded by businessmen and political activist David H. Koch. It is unclear exactly how much money is donated to AFP by David and his brother Charles Koch.By 2019, it was reported that the conservative wing of the Republican Party "has basically shed the tea party moniker".
The movement's name refers to the Boston Tea Partyof December 16, 1773, a watershed event in the launch of the American Revolution. The 1773 event demonstrated against taxation by the British government without political representation for the American colonists, and references to the Boston Tea Party and even costumes from the 1770s era are commonly heard and seen in the Tea Party movement.
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